Genocide In Rwanda Essays - Rwandan Genocide, Rwandan Civil War

Genocide in Rwanda The definition of genocide as given in the Webster's College Dictionary is "The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group." This definition depicts the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small, poor, central African country. The Rwandan genocide was the systematic extermination of over eight hundred thousand Tutsi, an ethnic group in Rwanda, by the Hutu, another ethnic group in Rwanda. In this essay I will briefly describe the history of the conflict of the Hutu and Tutsi, the 100 days of genocide in 1994, and the affects of the massacre on the economy and the people of Rwanda. To fully understand why this slaughter occurred, we must first look at the history of the Hutu and the Tutsi. In the early 1900's, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked "whiter". Governed by Belgium's racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and positions of power. In the 1950's, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel army. The rebel army was anxious to regain citizenship and their homes in Rwanda, and began a civil war that lasted four years. The world wide coffee market crashed, and coffee being the main export of Rwanda, led to unemployment and hunger of many Rwandans. This, along with pressure from Belgium forced the Hutu to agree to share power with the Tutsi. This was a hoax, for the Hutu government was secretly planning revenge on the Tutsi. The revenge being planned was the extinction of the Tutsi. With help from Hutu extremists, hate propaganda, sub-humanization of Tutsi, firearms, and machetes were distributed among the Hutu citizens. The extremists assassinated the president for fear of giving in to the Rwandan Patriotic Front's demands. Through these elements necessary for genocide, the killing began on April 6, 1994. Checkpoints were set up, covering the major routes and borders around Rwanda. These checkpoints consisted of Hutu military checking ethnic identity cards, if they were Hutu they lived, if they were Tutsi they were killed immediately. Many of the Tutsi gathered in churches, which were considered sacred, but they turned into slaughterhouses where many were massacred. The killing lasted for one hundred days. More than eight hundred thousand people were massacred, one third of the Tutsi population being wiped out. During this time there was no outside help from the United States or any other country. The UNAMIR (United nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda) were given orders to stay on "stand by" and were not allowed to intervene because they would breach their monitoring mandate. Eventually, though, the Rwandan Patriotic Front defeated the militias and the Rwandan army, and the genocide ended. Although the genocide is over, disease and war still plagues this small, poor country. Many Tutsi, trying to regain their lives in Rwanda, are still tortured and harassed by the Hutu. This is because there are many witnesses to the brutal crimes of the Hutu, and many have not been put on trial yet. Painstakingly lengthy trials have prevented many of the accused murderers from ever being put on trial. The Rwandan economy remains dependant on coffee and tea exports and foreign aid, and "the economy suffers greatly from the failure to maintain the infrastructure, looting, and neglect of important cash crops and lack of health care facilities". In conclusion, the 1994 massacre in Rwanda deserves attention. Many will argue that use of the term "genocide" is incorrect in describing the war of 1994. They argue that there were only two, true genocides in the twentieth century, of the Armenians, and of the Jews. This is only a matter of opinion. As the Webster's College dictionary defines "genocide",

Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department

Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department Introduction Being a radiographer means being very cautious and careful with instructions. It is especially important to follow the existing code of ethics once a patient and a radiographer do not speak the same language.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the radiographer was not concerned with the fact that the patient could not speak English properly, the former broke the principles of radiography ethics by conducting a procedure that could harm the patient in the case study provided. History The case of ethics in radiography, which is discussed below, is quite simple. According to the case details, an elderly (56-year-old) Asian woman, who had a feeding (nasogastric) tube implanted, was admitted into a hospital. In the hospital, she underwent a computer tomography on her brain. Due to the specifics of her condition (a feeding tube ), she had to have her chest and abdomen checked with X-rays every day for more than fifteen days, which is considered inacceptable due to exposure to great doses of radiation and the following negative effects on the functioning of the organs. Since the radiographer was aware of the threat that the procedure poses to people, it was imperative that the procedure should have been carried out less frequently or that the patient should have given a written consent for the radiography to be carried out. It seems that the procedure was not obligatory in the given case, since the patient supposedly felt well and did not need an urgent examination, yet the standard daily examination of the tube was still desirable (Duncan Warwick, 2011, para. 9). In order to avoid the threat of disclosing the patient’s personal data, including her name, it will be required that the patient should be nicknamed in order to address her without revealing her identity. The patient will be referred to as Xiu in the process of the case analysis and discussion.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Patient Consent The patient’s consent is, in fact, one of the key issues in the study. First and most obvious, the case study in question never mentions that the informed consent was obtained in the first place. Indeed, according to the details of the study, the patient has not been provided with the explanations concerning the procedure. More to the point, since the patient was unable to give an informed consent in English, it is impossible to figure out if the patient actually understood what she was told; neither is it possible to define whether the radiographers actually received the confirmation for the procedure to take place. The case description is admittedly obscure when it touches upon the discussion of the specifics of the procedure between the radiograph ers and the patient’ it can be suspected that there was no informed consent retrieved at all. Ethical Dilemma The ethical dilemma faced by the radiographer in the given case is, in fact, very complicated. On the one hand, it is imperative that the informed consent of the patient should be obtained before the procedure is started. Performing radiography on a patient, who does not speak English and, therefore, is most likely to be unaware of the possible negative consequences of the radiography, seems unethical. Hence, it was obviously required that a translator should have been invited as the radiographer’s assistant. On the other hand, radiography is one of the procedures that must be carried out regularly; therefore, it was imperative that the patient should undergo the procedure as prescribed by the doctor. Hence, the radiographer faced a difficult choice between making sure that the feeding tube, which the patient’s life depended on, was in order, and prevent ing the patient from receiving an additional dose of radiation. The issue of informed consent, therefore, though doubtlessly relating directly to the case, is not the key ethical issue in it. It is the factor determining the impossibility of retrieving informed consent from the patient that matters in defining the ethical paradox in the given case.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Issues at the Radiology Department specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To be more exact, the ethical concern in the case with Xiu can be defined as performing an urgent procedure on a patient, when it is clear that they do not understand what is happening due to the language barrier. It is obvious that in the environment specified above, the patient is practically unable to give their informed consent (Seiden, Galvan Lamm, 2006); therefore, the two ethical concerns (i.e., Xiu’s unawareness of the procedure consequences and the absence of her informed consent) should be included in the case. After all, the Code of conduct and ethics published by the Society of Radiographers specifies that a radiographer must satisfy themselves â€Å"that the appropriate informed consent has been gained prior to undertaking any examination or procedure and follow the SCoR guidelines in Consent to imaging and radiotherapy treatment examinations: an ethical perspective and good practice guide for the radiography workforce† (The Society of Radiographers, 2008, p. 6). Hence, both the principles of consent and communication (The Society of Radiographers, 2008, p. 5) were challenged in this case. Handling of Ethical Dilemma Though quite questionable, the decision made by radiographers seems quite adequate. Indeed, the negative effects of an excessive radiography session are considerably less threatening than the possible problems with the nasogastric tube and the following impossibility for Xiu to obtain food (Lamont, 2011). Despite the adequacy of the choice made by the radiographers, one still must address the issue of informed consent and the handling of the essential information related to the patient. Technically, the breach of the healthcare ethics is still evident, seeing that little to no investigation concerning the procedures that the patient had undergone by that time was conducted. According to the existing Code of practice for radiographers (2007), making sure that the radiography session complies with the prescriptions provided by the doctor is obligatory:Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Radiographers should not carry out a procedure that may be considered dangerous without first confirming instructions for the procedure with the person authorized who has made the request, and satisfying themselves that the instructions contain no error† (Australia Institute of Radiography, 2007, p. 3) Learning Outcomes The case study under consideration offers a lot to learn. It shows how flexible and resourceful a radiographer must be in order to facilitate the provision of the medical services of the finest quality and the protection of the patients from the possible threats to their health. More to the point, the study gives the information concerning the possible issues that a radiographer may face with a non English speaking patient. Consequently, the study encourages a radiographer to act more cautiously and make sure that the actions to be carried out comply with the existing instructions, as well as with the healthcare ethical principles. Finally, and most importantly , the case study makes a very valid point concerning the issue of informed consent. It is a very clever way of reminding a radiographer about the workplace ethics. What may seem a legitimate step in addressing the patient’s disorder and maintaining the patient’s safety may finally turn out to be a faulty move that will lead to drastic consequences. In a wider sense, the aforementioned piece of advice can be interpreted as a suggestion to be extremely cautious when it comes to retrieving any kind of information from non English speaking patients. It is obvious that, had the patient provided the radiographer with the related information, i.e., the fact that she had already had two brain computer tomographies and experienced fifteen radiographies in a row by that point, the radiography would have not been carried out. Therefore, the very fact that the patient did not speak English should have been a warning sign for the radiographer. The study, therefore, offers an import ant lesson in carrying out a specific procedure on a patient, who is unaware of what is going on due to the language issues. It is essential that the patient should know what is going on and what medical procedure they are going to undergo; thus, a patient will be able to inform the radiographer on the details that may conflict with the procedure in question and trigger major complexities. Conclusion Having a range of responsibilities and bound by the existing ethical code, a radiographer must be very careful in their work. It is essential to make sure that the procedures conducted meet the requirements and comply with the current medical standards. In addition, a radiographer must be able to communicate with the patient in order to avoid making harm to the latter. Once a patient and a radiographer understand each other, the amount of mistakes and misconceptions will be reduced to nil. Reference List Australia Institute of Radiography. (2007). Guidelines for professional conduct for radiographers, radiation therapists and sonographers. Melbourne, AU: Australia Institute of Radiography. Web. Duncan, K. Warwick, R. (2011). X-ray confirmation of nasogastric tube placement: documentation in patient notes. The Royal College of Radiologists. Web. Lamont, T. (2011). Checking placement of nasogastric feeding tubes in adults (interpretation of X ray images): summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. The British Medical Journal, 342, 1–4. Web. Seiden, S. C., Galvan, C. Lamm, R. (2006). Role of medical students in preventing patient harm and enhancing patient safety. Quality and Safety in Healthcare, 15(4), 272–276. The Society of Radiographers. (2008). Code of conduct and ethics. London, UK: The Society of Radiographers.

The educator as a public intellectual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The educator as a public intellectual - Essay Example In principle, teachers are the second guide and protector after the parent. Significantly, they mold the child by introducing him/her to the foundations of education and making the student conversant with how to interact with others. Similarly, teachers’ contributions to society are by molding and developing the future generation in accordance with the social and cultural structures of the given community. For instance, it is the role of teachers to provide moral and intellectual leadership to the youth by preparing them to be critical thinkers and active citizens in society. Significantly, life is a journey encompassing experience and knowledge gained. Therefore, one meets individuals who build their characters and adds some benefits to their lives as a whole. For instance, too many people in Baltimore Mr. Jim Beglin are nothing short of a public intellectual. Furthermore, being a sociology teacher Mr. Beglin has been able to enlighten the students on the need for better social behavior, planning, and political consciousness. Therefore, with Mr. Beglin as their educator students at Bishop Walsh School have been able to quench their thirst for knowledge while at the same time get to be influenced by right living subscribing to the conscious doctrine of life. Mr. Beglin subscribes to the philosophy of integrity, and hard work pays off. In essence, by equipping and always reminding his students of the need to be true to themselves and only rely on what one has worked for has improved the students’ behavior and attitude to an admirable level. Therefore, through motivating his students and assuring them of the significant benefits that accrue to an individual, who strives to earn and live on his/her sweat. Significantly, this doctrine has been spread to how the students carry themselves and act in society, hence influencing even more members of the community. In principle, Mr. Beglin noting the need to educate more people in Baltimore, he started hosting

Catharine bond hill Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Catharine bond hill - Term Paper Example According to recent research, fully 80% of all economic majors and postgraduates within the United States are men all stop this is a shocking statistic due to the fact that women comprise upwards of 60% of all college and university enrollment within the United States at the given time. Likewise, the purpose of this brief analysis will be to underscore the importance that women play within this field and draw particular inference with regards to the impacts they can have based upon the life and experience of what can only be described as an exceptional woman within the field. In such a way, the preceding analysis will seek to draw inference based upon the life of Catherine Bond Hill and the means by which women within her profession can seek to affected impacts, whom this profession specifically aims to serve, and the overall outlook and future of this profession with regards to the analysis of current and key statistics. Furthermore, it is the hope of this author that such an analys is will be the reader to an understanding of the increased importance that women should place upon the field of economics means by which they can seek to affect the quality within this field over time. ... However, as has been described, below and extent to which women began to be represented within economics is necessarily been constrained. Although it is beyond the scope of this analysis to determine whether or not this constraint is due to natural/personal choices or a systemic level of sexism within the field, nonetheless, the rate of growth that women have seen within economics over the past half-century has been abysmally low as compared to other fields of study. This very low rate of representation is something of a unique dynamic in an arena in which equality is virtually praised to have been met (Peterson 279). Whereas many professions and fields of academics aim to serve specific segments of society, the environment, science, or philosophy, is various profession and fields are generally concentric upon facilitating a key level of value within a specific community of stakeholders. Conversely, those individuals that engage in economic studies are necessarily interested in maxim izing value for each and every stakeholder within society. Such a macro view sets this field apart from any other fields. Accordingly, the need for women to be represented within it is great due to the fact that they are able to bring a unique perspective of a previously disenfranchised and ultimately silent group that represents fully 50% of the global population. In such a manner, the reader/researcher can understand the profession aims at seeking to understand and define a level of resource allocation with regards to the ever-increasing population and never-ending human demands that are placed upon finite resources (Dimand 15). Moreover, in an age of increasing environmental destruction and the impacts of global

Healthy living Essay Example for Free

Healthy living Essay Healthy lifestyle for both adults and children is more important than anything else. Healthy lifestyle habits will reduce your risk of getting diseases; you will feel better, have more energy and prevent the risk of chronic diseases. Living healthy also helping you to feel happy and have more self confidence which results in a better quality of life . in today’s The term healthy lifestyle encompasses several factors that need to be brought together in order to gain the benefits, namely exercise, healthy eating and a body mass index (BMI) in a normal range. Healthy lifestyle, particularly for children is their insurance policy for a lifetime of good health, and as research has shown, may significantly reduce the chance of contracting chronic illnesses and diseases. Regular physical activity is important for a healthy growth, development and well-being of children, the British Heart Foundation has carried out research into the fact of living a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy can stop you gaining weight, which means reducing the risk of diabetes and high blood pressure. It can also help lower your cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of some cancers. Chronic illnesses associated with obesity, lack o exercise and a poor diet include the following * Coronary heart disease * Cancer * Stroke * Diabetes * High blood pressure (Hypertension) * Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD) 2. Healthy Eating along with a healthy BMI and exercise is the third element of a healthy lifestyle for children is eating a healthy diet. A healthy diet is again protective against a whole host of chronic illnesses, eating fruit and vegetables everyday helps children’s grow and develop, boosts their vitality and can reduce the risk of many chronic diseases And children are especially susceptible to behavioural problems due to deficiency of essential vitamins and minerals that are derived from the food that we eat. Educations by example in the young child greatly improve their chances of eating a wide variety of nutritious foods as they move from childhood into adolescence. Children who eat meal around the table with others are more likely to try different foods, therefore lowering the possibility of them becoming picky eaters. In order to eat healthily food should be selected from the various different groups to make up a nutritionally balanced plate. These groups are * Carbohydrates potatoes, rice, bread, pasta and other starchy food * Protein meat, eggs, fish, beans, milk, cheese, and other dairy products * Fat butter, oil, spreads * Fruit and vegetables * Sugars sugary drinks, sweets 3. Activities for young children, Regular physical activity are important for the healthy growth, development and wellbeing of children and young people Physical play and leisure activities can have a hugely positive effect on children’s healthy living. Even though IT and computer games are becoming more popular with the children instead of traditional exercises, they still need physical exercises into their everyday routines. In 2006 professors in Glasgow identified through a study of 545 nursery school children, that one hour of exercise a day was required for children to maintain a healthy BMI, in addition to eating healthy diet. Play is an essential part of a Childs development and we are focusing here particularly on the physical and mental wellbeing aspects. There are many opportunities in the local community for involving children in physical exercises for example of these * Trips to the local park * Indoor children’s play centres * Specialist activities for children at leisure and recreation centres Creative in add ion to the physical activities as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle, cookery demonstrations and activities can have a profound effect on children encouraging them to prepare and taste healthy foods that they may not have previously been introduced to. The use of different colours and textures of food in recipes can fuel a child excitement and interest where it may not have previously been held. Games displays and the creation of posters can all assist with the promotion of a healthy lifestyle for young children. 4. Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable healthy and happy. In child it is necessary to evaluate children regularly to identify any children who may be displaying sings of emotional or social difficulties affecting their wellbeing. Children should feel comfortable enough to be able to express themselves in an environment that they perceive as positive and safe, and this should be encouraged. Wellbeing for families there are many public and private courses that run including the triple p programs (positive parents programs) which runs nationwide offering invaluable support to parents. Courses are available for different age groups of children and are delivered by experienced and appropriately trained practitioners. These courses have proved a lifeline for some parents who have been struggling in silence to conquer various emotional, physical or behavioural aspects of their children’s lives. This is a fantastic tool for improving parent’s wellbeing and offers an opportunity for parents to meet in secure non judgemental and confident environment where they can discuss their own issues that they are experiencing with practitioners and fellow parents †¦

Soviet Nationalities Policy

Soviet Nationalities Policy After the Bolshevik Revolution, Bolsheviks inherited a vast multinational empire. The Soviet Union inherited the Russian Empires multiethnic character. Composing just over half the population, ethnic Russians shared the worlds first socialist state with more than 100 minorities, some numbering in the millions and others numbering in the low thousands. Some, such as the Poles, were Westernized and urbanized. Others, such as the peoples of the Caucasus and Siberia, lived in small villages and tribal-based societies. Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, and Jews all inhabited Russia and had needs that presented challenges to any state. The problem of what to do with all these different ethnic groups in the new state formed the center of the â€Å"nationality question.† In order to promote the integration of the non-Russians into the Soviet state, Lenin’s nationality policy was practical and flexible enough. Unlike the late tsarist era, when non-Russian ethnic groups were discri minated by the imperial regime, the nationalities enjoyed formal political equality. This was seen as an important requirement for obtaining equal socioeconomic and cultural rights across various peoples and helping less developed nationalities to overcome their backwardness. Lenin believed that this strategy would eliminate ethnic discrepancies and settle the â€Å"nationalities question† for good and Lenin advocated recognition of the various peoples of the old empire as separate nationalities. In the localities the Soviet authorities pursued the policy of â€Å"indigenization† (korenizatsiia), designed to increase steadily the proportion of the representatives of the indigenous nationality in the local party and state administration. In addition, during the 1920s, the center actively co-opted representatives of non-Russian elites into central governing bodies. Moreover, the early nationalities policy of the Bolshevik government displayed considerable tolerance of no n-Russian languages and cultures and even systematically encouraged the development of â€Å"minor† languages. All this helped expand the ranks of non-Russian educated elites and led to a flowering of literature, the arts, and sciences in some of the republics and national autonomies. Korenizatsiia set the stage for the Soviet Unions current crisis of authority among the non-Russians. As an integrated linguistic, cultural, and personnel policy it sought to legitimate multiculturalism in the Soviet Union without creating multiple centers of power. The implementation of this policy during the dislocation wrought by industrialization raised the prestige of non-Russian languages and cultures and created the social bases necessary for multiculturalism. The establishment of multiple official languages and creation of social bases of support for them guaranteed â€Å"long-term or permanent linguistic division†. Korenizatsiia, in effect, â€Å"institutionalized and legitimated linguistic conflict and thus maintained it and perpetuated it†. The liberal language policies and the indigenization drive endured until the mid-1930s, helping to enlist the support of broad sections of non-Russian populations for the party and the Communist regime. More controversially, they accelerated the process of nation building among major nationalities and nudged some of the minor ones in the same direction. The â€Å"indigenized† administrations tended toward greater independence from the center and craved greater national and cultural autonomy. They became breeding grounds for the spread of national communism in the republics as the desire to combine Communist ideas with national traditions. Contrary to the expectations of the Communist authorities, their policies did not do away with nationalism, but gave rise to nationalist ideologies and to gradual consolidation of nationalities into nations. It was clear that the evolving national elites would not remain content for long with formal equality and would sooner or later claim gr eater political rights to complement their cultural and language rights.Between 1933 and 1938, korenizatsiia was not actually repealed. Its provisions merely stopped being enforced. There also began purges of the leaderships of the national republics and territories. The charge against non-Russians was that they had instigated national strife and oppressed the Russians or other minorities in the republics. In 1937 it was proclaimed that local elites had become hired agents and their goal had become dismemberment of the Soviet Union. Stalin’s radical policies were accompanied by purges among republican elites to curb any nationalist tendencies and â€Å"deviations.† They soon escalated into an all-encompassing wave of terror that peaked in 1936-38. It dealt a crushing blow to the administrative elites in the republics. The terror affected the elites of all nationalities, but its consequences in the union republics were particularly severe as it undermined many of the ac hievements of indigenization. Stalin’s policies and the methods used to enforce them to a great extent put a chill on the process of nation building that had begun in the 1920s. As a result of the Stalin revolution, many of the ideological imperatives of the Soviet nationality policy were transformed. In the 1920s the party leadership had sought to eradicate all vestiges of the imperial mentality of Russians, derided as â€Å"Great Russian Chauvinism.† Now the emphasis was reversed, and local nationalism was perceived a much bigger threat. The calls for international solidarity of proletarians were replaced by the new integrating ideology of Soviet patriotism and by the leader’s cult. Yuri Slezkine has described the USSR as a communal apartment in which each national group had its own room. To be sure, not all rooms were of the same size or importance. It should be noted, however, that to the very end of its existence the USSR remained at least rhetorically, but also in many practical ways, committed to the idea of cultural diversity. Russian culture was certainly â€Å"first among equals primus inter pares†, but a certain space was always granted to non-Russian language and culture. The Soviet Union was a communal apartment, where each of the national republics had a separate room. They could decorate the room however they liked. They got to make the major decisions, but never pretended that they owned the apartment. He gives details the â€Å"Great Transformation† of 1928-1932, during which ethnic diversity was highlighted and celebrated; it then explains the â€Å"Great Retreat† during the 1930†²s, when nationalism as a whole was disc ouraged except those select nationalities that reinforced socialist ideas and contributed to the overall success of the USSR. The author states to the fact that certain nationalities were seen as more worthy, therefore superior to others. It may not be along class lines, but the people of the Soviet Union were still divided. This promotion of nationalism most likely created more problems for the Soviet government in the long-term as nationalism grew stronger and threatened the Soviet’s unity and control.

Employer Rights and Responsibilites Essay

Their are certain laws in place which cover employment. Employment law is likely to have a profound impact on employees throughout their working lives. It governs the employment of every employee and working in the UK. Any worker or employee working in the UK is entitled to certain employment rights, and protected by employment law. Employment law does not always work in the favour of the employed as it also protects the rights of employers too. There are numerous employment rights. It is important for these laws to be fully understood, otherwise it is possible to end up going down the route of unfair dismissal and discrimination claims. It is vital an employee stays on top of the law with regard to the following: Breach of contract, Workplace Bullying, Compromise Agreements, Constructive Dismissal , Data Protection, Disciplinary procedures and suspension, Discrimination, Flexible Working, Health and Safety, Holidays, Maternity and Paternity rights, Redundancy, Sexual Harrassment and Sickness Absence. Many pieces of lawful legislation have been grouped together into more recent Acts which cover existing Acts known as regulations and identified as statutory fundaments of the more recent act implemented. Please see below laws and legislations which cover employment: Employment Rights Act 1996 – This act is the main act which covers majority of the areas in employent. These areas will be covered in the worklace as company policies and procedures, which will outline the laws and legislations in place. It includes the protection of wages, Guarantee payments, protection from suffering detriment in employment, time off work, dependants, study and training, suspension from work, Maternity-Adoption-Paternity-Parrental leave, flexible working, termination of employment, unfair dismissal and redundancy. National Minimum Wage Act 1988 – Creates a minimum wage across the United Kingdom, currently ? 6. 19 per hour for workers aged 21 years and older, ? 4. 98 per hour for workers aged 18-20 years old. This act too effect on 1st April 1999. There was no national minimum wage before 1988 and often workers were most vulnerable to low pay. The national minimum wage act is universally applicable to anyone who has a contract to do work, except for a consumer or a client. The Working Time Regulations 1998 – a United Kingdom statutory instrument which regulate the time that people in the UK may work. The regulations apply to all workers and not just employees. The regulations stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. It sets a default rule which, although one may opt out of it, that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week. It also grants a mandatory right to paid annual leave of at least a minimum of 28 days (including bank holidays and public holidays). It creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Disability Discrimination Act 2005 – This act ensures that people with a disability are treated fairly. This act enables disabled people to have equal rights with accessing their local community, using public transport, working and applying for jobs and joining clubs. Renting out a property, study and education. Equality Act 2010 – This act requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the protected characteristics of age disability, gender, reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. In the case of gender there are special protections for pregnant women. In the case of disability, employers and service providers are under a duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplaces to overcome barriers experienced by disabled people. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 – This is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 – This act defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. The act defines general duties employers, employees and contactors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The act lays down certain principles for the management of health and safety at work, enabling the creation of specific requirements through regulations enacted at statutory instruments or through codes of practices. The following are some of the statutory instruments that lay down detailed requirements: Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1992 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 There was also the intention with this Act to simplify the existing complex and confused system of legislation. This act sets out the objectives for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; protecting persons other than those at work against risks to healtha nd safety arising out of or in connection of activities of persons at work; controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or otherwise dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of such substances. Having used various resources to research for this question on employment law, I have taken the time to go through my own company policies and procedures folders. There are three large folders for policies and procedures all of which cover all the government laws, legislatons and regulations expected to be followed. I have chosen to continue this question by referring to a number of my company policies and procedures, their key features and identifying which government law, legislation and regulation they support. RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 – Outlines the requirements and arrangements for incidents which are legally required to be reported to the Health and Safety authorities. Some types of incidents may be reported to the health and safety authorities and also be reported as a clinical incident to the care quality commission. Fire Safety – This supports the regulatory reform Fire Safety Order 2005. Outlines the arrangements which are implemented to enable fire safety risks at the company premises to be assessed and to identify adequate physical and procedural controls including key elements such as staff training essential to be implemented. It outlines the responsibilities and fire safety risk assessment. There are details for what is essential to be put into a fire safety risk assessment such as fired doors, fire exits and alarms. First Aid – This outlines the necessary procedures to be carried out for service users, staff or visitors to be treated for injury or sudden illness promptly and safety until placed in the care of a professional or moved to hospital. It supports the government laws of Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996. Stated within is how records of first aid treatment should be made along with first aid training to be completed and refreshed at the correct times, usually necessary for renewal every 12 months. COSHH – Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 – In place to ensure all health and safety risks of hazardous substances are assesed and controlled in accordances with the legal requirements. It supports the following lawful legislation in place; The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. The company undertakes a wide rang of activities which can have a potential to expose employees and others to substances hazardous to their healt and safety. The purpose of the policy is to lay down a consistant approach to undertaking risk assessments of such work and to implement controls, so as to achieve effective protection of employees and ensure consistency. Manual Handling – Intended to ensure the provision of equipment to minimise the moving and handling of patients manually by staff. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992. It explains how manual handling is one of the most common causes of injuy at work and can lead to serious injuries. It expects appropriate practical training to be given before manual handling takes place. There must be a risk assessment in place. Explained within is the correct equipment required for manual handling to be carried out correctly. Any injuries at work sustained are required for the person to complete an accident form. Before a person who has injured themselves can resume with manual handling activities they must have an occupational health assessment. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment – Aims for protective clothing suitable for work to be provided. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, Ionising Radiatiosn Regulations 2002, Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002. I It expects protective items to be provided. Equipment such as hearing protection, eye protection, protective footwear, a protective mask or respirator, high visibility clothing, a welding visor or a hard hat, aprons, latex gloves etc. There is a high degree of user choice as to when and whether the protection is worn. Often the procedure to ensure people are using the protective equipment provided is a result of a disciplinary action. Employees do not pay for PPE, the company is to provide this.

Mark Bittman: Man v. Meat

As the spokesperson In the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, Blatant expresses his once about negative ecological and health impacts of our current food regimen. He describes our modern diet as, â€Å"overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food† (TED). Meat's role In our society is massive, and knowing more about it is crucial. When Batman delivers the â€Å"stinging condemnation† of the way we eat now, and many worldwide were listening.Mark Batman's argument, on how eating as much meat and Junk food as we do is negatively affecting the health of our planet and ourselves, is accurate and credible, because of his extensive background in the food Industry and the valid evidence that ties his claim altogether. What Is It about Mark Bellman's great background In the food Industry that makes his argument even more so probable? Well, throughout his career, he has won several awards from the James Beard Foundation and the International Association of Culinary Professionals for his writing and his television series, Batman Takes on America's Chefs. The Beard Awards are the highest honor for food and beverage professionals working In North America. † (lames Beard Foundation) Mark Batman was recognized, for being a culinary professional who had shown excellence and achievement in his field. The CAP Cookbook Awards honor the authors, publishers, and other contributors behind the best of cookbooks published each year† (CAP). Due to this acknowledgement, Blatant now holds â€Å"a coveted mark of distinction† (CAP).According to, the highly awarded journalist and author, Michael Pollen, Mark Batman is one of â€Å"The World's 7 Most Powerful Bodies,† an honor that Batman shared with First Lady Michelle Obama (EGG). In order for Batman to get where he Is currently, he had to work hard and lobby for his position. In 201 2, he was the only regularly-appearing opinion penman in a leading newspaper in the united States, writing rather much exclusively about food, for the most prime paper in the country and one of the most major papers in the world (ICE, 2012).Evidently, due to the outstanding highlights of Mark Batman's food career, he Is a credible source. 1 OF 7 it is now time to take a look at the research that completely ties the claims that he makes together. Other than in the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What is wrong with what we eat, in an interview with the Institute of Culinary Education, the â€Å"food columnist† continually argues that eating meat is a big problem for the food system.Batman lams that, â€Å"If we had stricter laws on the treatment of animals, and better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals, better waste disposal systems, better environmental controls, it would make meat much more expensive, and if we made meat much more expensive, then sustainable meat and meat raised non-industrially would be more competitively priced† (ICE, 2012). As a result, of higher meat prices, meat consumption rates would decrease. By consuming less meat, the generation of the world's greenhouse gases would also decrease, (Batman, 2008) because eating meat is what is â€Å"destroying our environment† (PETA).Although PETA is a bias source, this statement can easily be proven as correct. Validated through research, what we eat contributes â€Å"more greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO), methane, nitrous oxide, and the like to spew into the atmosphere than either transportation or industry' (Filial, 2009). Many underestimate the importance of eating less meat, over half of the carbon footprint of the average American diet comes from animal products (Take Extinction off of Your Plate). While watching the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat, I was shocked how big of an impact eating eat has on the Earth and the people who inhabit it.When Batman mentioned that meat was more of a concern than transportation, I started to think bac k to the time when many CEO-friendly people would bike or walk places instead of spreading around â€Å"car pollution. † They, like my past self, had no idea that eating less meat does more than not driving a car. Mark Batman's claim within his concern is accurate, because of the various studies of the negative impacts of meat consumption on our environment. Logically, if eating meat affects something as big as the Earth, it would have a bigger effect on our overall being as well.To back up Mark Batman's claim about how we should have â€Å"better controls on the use of antibiotics in animals†, science-writing intern Cassandra Brooks states that, â€Å"the administration of antibiotics causes health problems, so much so that it can result in antibiotic-resistant bacteria that threaten the usefulness of medicines that treat people. † That must be one of the key reasons why meat eaters experience more health problems. â€Å"Harvard studies showed that daily meat eaters have approximately three times the colon cancer risk, compared to those who rarely eat meat. † Eating meat encourages the growth of cancer, (ThePhysicians Committee) while plant-based diets promotes a healthy lifestyle that reduces such negative health impacts (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Diets that are rich in fiber, such as a Vegetarian diet, speeds the passage of food through the colon, effectively removing carcinogens, changing the type of bacteria that is present in the intestine, so that there is a reduced production of carcinogenic secondary bile acids. Anti-cancer compounds. Those reasons explain why, vegetarians are at the lowest risk for cancer and have a significantly reduced risk compared to meat-eaters (The Physicians Committee).According to new research in Austrian vegetarians, â€Å"Many people who go vegetarian do so because they are experiencing health problems† (Messing, 2014). Eating meat as we do is killing us, and according to Dry. Frank Huh, c o-author of a new Harvard study on the topic, what is new â€Å"is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption. † The magnitude for processed meat is even greater than that. The Harvard study concluded that one serving of red meat a day increases the risk of early death by 13 percent. The same single daily serving of processed meat (like bacon or hot dog) increases that risk by 20 percent.And â€Å"one serving† means that little deck-of-cards sized lump that doesn't satisfy anyone over the age of 10. Huh acknowledged that â€Å"it's not really surprising because red meat consumption has been linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. What is surprising is the magnitude of risk associated with very moderate red meat consumption† (Hoffman, 2014). There are both pros and cons when it comes to eating or not eating meat, but the cons of not eating meat are easier to fix than the health rela ted problems that come with eating meat.Eating less or no meat requires change, real change that involves having a clear understanding of meat's critical role in our lives. Just knowing how negative the impacts of eating meat are to the overall health of each person and the evidence that proves it, Mark Batman's claim stands true. Real change in the right direction something that Mark Batman predicts will eventually occur and he believes that his solution to tax Junk food will enable that. The money that comes from taxing Junk food, would be used to subsidize public health measures like making fruits and vegetables less expensive and more widely accessible.Batman compares this change in food to, great strides for minorities, the establishment of Medicare, and tremendous strides for women. By regulating Cafes Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and taxing Junk, Batman presumes that change is going to happen, and assumes that we are Just too impatient. He believes that the change t hat we want to see is not coming as quickly as we would like it to, and the thing that we need to realize is that real change is a slow process (Ottawa). It took over 20 years, in order to revise nutrition labels.That revision had a â€Å"dramatic effect on what people choose to eat and drink and what products sell in permeates† (Museum Chaw and Thompson). With this improvement, people felt less defeated, now that they had a clearer understanding of the labels and could differentiate between items such as sugars, natural and added. We need to educate the lost by, discouraging the consumption of bad food and encouraging the consumption of good food (Batman, 2012). Previously, before label and other food changes, consumers would Just eat items without knowing what they Just ate.Due to their lack of understanding and the companies' lack of clarification, people would eat more than they needed, resulting in an unhealthy body weight. As someone who likes labels, especially when I am trying to stick to a healthy diet. To avoid the defeat, I would have to do the majority of my cooking at home, homemade. Due to the validated knowledge that has been brought to my attention, I believe that Mark Batman's argument is solid. In Mark Batman's Ted Talk he helps the viewers understand the importance of home cooking and how straying away from it might seem easy, but not at all as healthy as actually knowing what they are eating.Batman states that, â€Å"It is really important to be a home cook,† and informs us that throughout history we have lost that concept. Between the years of 1950-2000, many were sucked into the idea of convenience and the quality of home cooked meals â€Å"was down the tubes† (Batman, 2012) Fewer meals consisted of home cooked breads, desserts and soups, because it all could be purchased at any store. In the ass, women began to enter the workforce, and due to a lack of time and patience, they brought home store bought meals for their families.Home cooking was in a bad state, due to the appealing contents in convenient foods (Batman, 2007). In order for healthy home cooked meals to recycle back up the food chain, â€Å"We need to start acting. We need to start eating and cooking with less meat. Instead of going for meat, go for healthier proteins, such as nuts. â€Å"The time has come to stop raising them industrially and stop eating them thoughtlessly' (Batman. 2007). We need to start considering the piece of ham on our breakfast plates, and where it came from before it lands on our grocery store shelves (Brooks).Knowing that eating meat is hazardous, makes me not regret my choice of becoming a vegetarian. This knowledge is not something that should be kept to myself. I feel safe, and feel as if it is my moral obligation to inform meat eaters of the deadly consequences that they redundantly face, like Mark Batman does. I would gladly recommend meat eaters, especially those who do it excessively and thoughtles sly, to watch the Ted Talk, Mark Batman: What's wrong with what we eat. His talk is based off of research that has been done by credible sources such as Batman himself, and I am in agreement with his valid claim.

Second Grade Christmas Math Word Problems

Second Grade Christmas Math Word Problems When working with word problems, be sure to add some problem-solving questions to the mix. Word problems typically require computations  whereas problem-solving requires a little more thinking. There will be reasoning and logic necessary to solve the problem. Questions 1. For Christmas, you got 12 candy canes in your stocking and 7 from the tree. How many candy canes do you have? 2. You have 19 Christmas cards. 12 came from your friends at school, how many came in the mail? 3. You sang 8 songs at the concert at school and your friend sang 17. How many more songs did your friend sing? 4. You buy gifts for your friends, 2 sisters, 1 brother, your mom,  and dad. You buy a total of 13 gifts. How many friends do you buy for? 5. You wrapped 17 presents and your brother wrapped 8 presents. How many more presents did you wrap? 6. On your advent calendar, you ate 13 chocolates. How many more chocolates are there to eat? 7. On the day before the Christmas holidays, only 21 of the 26 students were at school. How many were absent? 8. On the day before the Christmas holidays, only 21 of the 26 students were at school. How many were absent? Notice that in these word problems, the unknown value isnt always at the end. Its important to ensure that there is a variety of childrens math word problems. Some unknown values should occur at the beginning, some the end and others at the end. PDF Printable Worksheet

Informative Essay Sample on Christopher Columbus

Informative Essay Sample on Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 at Genoa. Genoa was a seaport that was on the Ligurian sea. His name was Cristoforo Colombo and that was translated into English as Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus had two brothers, which he was older than both. Christopher Columbus had little schooling just like most of the people during that age. Genoa was a busy seaport and Christopher Columbus learned much from the sailors. Christopher Columbus’s father was a poor weaver. Christopher Columbus worked with his father for a while, but his heart was set on sailing. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† The book of knowledge, 2000.) As soon as Christopher Columbus possibly could he went to sea. Christopher Columbus started with short fishing trips and worked his way up to longer trips with merchants that traded along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Christopher Columbus was intrigued by map making and geography, which he studied between trips. In Christopher Columbus’s twenties he made his first trip out of the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean. During that trip Christopher Columbus’s boat was attacked and was set on fire. The only way out was to swim; Christopher Columbus swam six miles back to shore by clinging to wreckage. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† The book of knowledge, 2000.) In 1476 Christopher Columbus move to Portugal. In Portugal he met Felipa Perestrello e Moniz. Felipa Perestrello e Moniz was the daughter of a respected, but relatively poor family. Shortly after they met they were married. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† The book of knowledge, 2000.) In 1480 Felipa Perestrello e Moniz gave birth to Christopher’s first son whom they named Diego. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† AE Television Networks.) The only way to trade with the east during this time was by caravan. The caravans would transport goods to the east by traveling over mountains and through deserts. The journeys were long and difficult. Christopher Columbus was determined to change this by sailing west to get to the east. Christopher was not trying to prove that the earth was round, because that was already a known fact. Christopher Columbus also was not trying to discover a new world, he was simply trying to get to China, India, or Japan by sailing westward. Christopher Columbus had a hard time getting support because people were scared. Columbus tried for 10 years to get a European ruler to support his plan. Finally, in 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella supported his plan. â€Å"King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised to make him governor of any new lands and offered him ten percent of all the wealth he would bring to Spain.† (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† The book of knowledge, 2000.) The king and queen prepared three ships the NiÃ' a, the Pinta, and the Santa MarÐ ½a for Columbus. August 3rd, 1492 Christopher Columbus and his eighty-eight volunteers left the port of Palos looking for China, India, and Japan. The weeks went by slow and there was some unrest starting to grow among the crew. Christopher Columbus told the crew they traveled less miles than they actually did to prevent further chaos among the crew. The crew’s on all three ships started to beg to Christopher Columbus to get him to turn back. Then on October 12th, 1492 they found land. When Christopher Columbus got on the land he kissed the ground and thanked god. Christopher Columbus named that land San Salvador, which means â€Å"Holy Savior.† Christopher Columbus spent two days at San Salvador, which is now part of the Bahamas. When they were there they met men and women that were very friendly and they exchanged gifts with them. Christopher Columbus called these people â€Å"Indians † thinking that he was in India. After that Christopher Columbus spent the next ten weeks searching the islands for the rich cities of Asia. The islands he explored were Cuba and Haiti. Christopher Columbus brought back goods that he found and even some Indians in hope that they would let him return. (Millar, Heater. Spain in the age of exploration. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1999.) Soon after Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, the Spanish realized that Christopher Columbus never made it to Asia and instead that he instead stumbled across the Americas. This discovery would end up bringing Spain large amounts of gold, silver, and emeralds, â€Å"The wealth to fuel a nation.† (Millar, Heater. Spain in the age of exploration. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1999.) â€Å"Columbus marked the beginning of an age of exploration and conquest that would last two centuries and would make Spain, for a time, the richest and most powerful nation on earth.† (Millar, Heater. Spain in the age of exploration. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1999.) Between 1493 and 1504 Christopher Columbus made three more trips to the Americas looking for the great cities of Asia. The first of these trips began on September 25th, 1493, with seventeen ships and 1,300 men. Christopher Columbus got everything he needed for this trip. He had all sorts of animals and supplies to assist the settlement formed in 1492. When they got there they discovered that the settlement was desecrated. So, they started a new settlement called Isabella. Columbus did some exploring and then returned to Spain. The king and queen wanted money and riches so they sent Columbus back again to find them. He left on May 30th, 1498 with six ships. Columbus went farther than he had before and he ended up on the coast of South America. Columbus and his crew found some gold and then returned to Spain. After Columbus got to Spain he set out on his final journey. This time looking for gold, silver, precious stones, spices, and riches. They left on May 9th, 1502 with four ships an d 150 men. During this trip Columbus was the age of fifty. Columbus had bad eyesight and was ill, but the seamen still remained loyal to him and were honored to sail with him. Columbus and his crew got caught up in a few storms and ended up ship wrecked. When Columbus and his crew where finally rescued they returned to Spain. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† Microsoft Encarta.) Columbus was very ill by the time he got back to Spain. Columbus had eaten years of bad food and had developed rheumatism and a fever. Columbus’s last words were â€Å"Into thy hands, O Lord, I commit my spirit.† Christopher Columbus died in Spain in 1506. Hundreds of years have past and Christopher Columbus’s great navigational skills have never been forgotten. The routes he used to get to the America’s and back are still being used today. Columbus opened up a new doorway for exploration and trade. (â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† Microsoft Encarta.) You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Christopher Columbus topics from our professional custom essay writing service. All custom papers are written by professional academic writers. No plagiarism and high quality are guaranteed.

Five themes of art and identifying and describing two examples of Research Paper

Five themes of art and identifying and describing two examples of works (from different centuries or cultures) - Research Paper Example i. Art of daily life Art and craft remains among the major practices carried by different cultures since time in memorial. Art is expressed through the objects, images and architecture created for daily use. According to Rauschenberg (1925 p. 51), these objects (material things) have meanings further outside the practical functions. A perfect example is the art of basketry which is perceived to be of great importance by the Pomo Indians. According to their legend, a Pomo ancestor stole the sun from gods in order to give light to dark earth; he used the basket to cover the sun high up. The Pomo basket depicts the universe which they used to move knowledge to human beings from gods in the beginning of the world. Another example is the Islamic art of the tile used in decoration of architectural surfaces. Though used by different cultures in the world, it particularly features the Islamic art. Tiles are mostly used to decorate the surfaces of a mosque, homes, schools, palaces and others. The tiles were therefore used to illustrate the interior design of a 19th century Iranian mosque. Different cultures can depict the art of life from different objects in which they use for everyday life. ii. Sacred realm Different people holding on different cultures have turned the universe into a sacred place of spirits. They communicate with spirits and develop faith that the spirits have answers to questions like the origin of the world, the beginning of life, the purpose of life and others. Through these beliefs, they have created different arts to enable them to develop the realism that allow them to communicate with the spirits. Different cultural believes have different images and objects for this purpose, they include the different cultural believes which are; Christians, Islamic, Indus and others Rauschenberg (1925 p.53) Architectural works have been created with different shapes and designs to portray the setting of a place that can be used to conduct the rituals of pray ers and worship. A good example is the Great Mosque which is an Islamic place of worship in Cordoba, Spain. The interior hall used for prayers has immense horizontal space with a regular rhythm of virtual forest of arches. The light goes in by the doorways placed on perimeter of the hall, filtered through the many columns which create shadows that make the interior design grasp the worshippers. The alternation of the red and white colors into sections creates a distinction in the arch forms while the hanging oil lamp at the centre of worship creates more shadows. Another example that depicts realism in the Christian believes is the model of Mary mother of Christ sited calmly on the throne holding the gesture who is the child Christ on her hand. She is surrounded by angels to quest believers of paradise and in great serenely posture of a virgin symbolizing holiness. iii. Politics and social order Most important systems that human beings hold on are the societies. Most of the early so cieties believed that the order in the universe is directly related to the earthly order, for example in Egypt Pharaoh who was the king was seen as a link between God the earth. He was seen as a small god and a ruler whose job was to maintain order on earth. When he died, people believed that he joined the gods; they prepared many tombs for him a sign of honor. Most known are the three pyramids, which up to date still serve as inspiring structures. Its weight and extend is tremendous that reflect the power of Pharaohs to command immense forces, it also

History of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

History of the European Union - Essay Example This Schuman Declaration was adhered by six states, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, thus forming the European Coal and Steel Community on 1951(EU Timeline). This community placed Franco-German steel production under a common "High Authority", putting into effect an intergovernmental cooperation with supranational authority (McGoldrick, 9). Treaties were signed as well to establish European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community. With an enhanced institutionalized nature, the European Economic Community had four main bodies namely the Council of Ministers, European Commission, Court of Justice and Parliamentary Assembly (McGoldrick, 10). Up until 1985, the Community increased the number of its members progressively; Greece was actually the 10th member of this group. The now ten members of the group agreed in a European Council meeting held at Luxembourg to revitalize the process of European integration by drawing up the Single European Act (EU Timeline). The Act as could be seen, extended EC competence, made greater provision for qualified majority voting and laid down the objective of achieving an internal market by 1992 (McGoldrick, 10). Subsequent years witnessed further enlargement of the community and at the same time deeper integration of the Community. For example, with the German unification, the Community had to agree on a common approach to the effects of such event and its relations with Central and Eastern European countries as well. So that in a European Council held at Ireland, they concurred to establish the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the mechanism that would provide financial s upport to Central and Eastern European Countries. At some point, they even reached a decision to establish the European Economic Area between the EEC and EFTA member countries (EU Timeline). While economic goals were apparently met, political goals remained unfulfilled (McGoldrick, 12). On February 7 of 1992, the Treaty of European Union was signed in Maastricht by the Foreign and Finance Ministers of the member states, and while the ratification of the said treaty was voted against when put into referendum in Denmark, it was eventually ratified the second time and the treaty came into force on November 1993. The European Community formally evolved to the European Union. Earlier that year, on January, the Single European Market entered into force and accession of more states ensued (EU Timeline). Changes were introduced upon the evolution of the Community to the Union. The structure of the treaty of the European Union organized the Union's activities in three fields or subsequently called three pillars: European Community, Common Foreign and Security Policy and Judicial and Home Affairs (McGoldrick, 16). The European Union also introduced the subsidiary policy, in which the EU would only take action if